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THE PROJECT MANAGER–LINE MANAGER INTERFACE As per knowledge, we know that the Project Manager is the personnel who control the project concerning all factors like money, manpower, equipment, facilities, materials, and information & technology.  Actually, the project manager does not control any of these resources directly, except perhaps money (i.e., the project budget). Resources are controlled by the line managers, functional managers , or, as they are often called, resources managers . Project managers must, therefore, negotiate with line managers for all project resources. When we say that project managers control project resources, we really mean that they control those resources (which are temporarily loaned to them) through line managers. Most project managers today have an understanding of technology rather than a command of technology. As a result, the accountability for the success of the project is now viewed as shared accountability between the project manager and ...

Firstly let's look at why Sampling is carried out? Sampling makes an analog signal discrete so that a controller can intercept data only at those sampled intervals of time cause a controller knows only digital data. It gives us the frequency at which a signal is sampled. Let's have a closer look at Sampling of a signal: First, the continuous signal is multiplied by the impulse signal at discrete time intervals. The frequency of the pulse signals determines the frequency of the output sampled signal. So the frequency of the impulses must be enough so that we don't miss out on information from the analog signal.  The figure of the sampling process is shown below: Consider f*(t) is the function of the output signal.  f(t) as the input signal and  𝛿(t) as the pulse train  So here the output of the sampler can be expressed as  In time domain In frequency domain For the reconstruction of the signal, we have the Zero Order...

Project management can mean different things to different people. Quite often, people misunderstand the concept because they have ongoing projects within their company and feel that they are using project management to control these activities. In such a case, the following might be considered an appropriate definition: Project management is the art of creating the illusion that any outcome is the result of a series of predetermined, deliberate acts when, in fact, it was dumb luck. Although this might be the way that some companies are running their projects, this is not project management.  Project management is designed to make better use of existing resources by getting work to flow horizontally as well as vertically within the company . The following would be an overview definition of project management: Project management is the planning, organizing, directing, and controlling of company resources for a relatively short-term objective that has been established to complete spec...

Signal: A function of a several dependent variables to a independent fixed variable (mostly time). Two types of signals: Continuous and Discrete . Continuous signals are the ones which has values at any given point of time.  Continuous time control systems: Simple. In continuous time control systems, all the system variables are continuous signals. Whether the system is linear or nonlinear, all variables are continuously present and therefore known (available) at all times. A typical continuous time control system is shown in Figure below. Discrete signals are the ones which exists only in discrete samples of time. You may not find any signal at points where the signal is not sampled.  Discrete time Control System:  Discrete time control systems are control systems in which one or more variables can change only at discrete instants of time. These instants, which may be denoted by kT(k=0,1,2,…) specify the times at which some physical measurement is performed or the time...

Why Project Engineering & Management is necessary? As per the current situation, in the world of competition, engineering skill is not enough to stand out among engineers. To be a perfect engineer you have to learn skills like planning, managing, leadership, and many more.  To get the idea of that skill and attributes, Project Engineering & Management is necessary. This teaches us how to plan a project, how to start it, how to execute, how to control, and how to complete it with the desired output. What is Project? A project can be considered to be any series of activities and tasks that: Have a specific objective to be completed within certain specifications Have defined start and end dates Have funding limits (if applicable) Consume human and nonhuman resources (i.e., money, people, equipment) Are multifunctional (i.e., cut across several functional lines)  Project Management Project management contains five major process groups: Project initiation  Project pla...

To begin this article, First let me tell you the difference between the Classical Set theory and Fuzzy Set Theory. Classical Set Theory Fuzzy Set Theory 1. This theory is a class of those sets having sharp boundaries. 1. This theory is a class of those sets having un-sharp boundaries. 2. This set theory is defined by exact boundaries only 0 and 1 2. This set theory is defined by ambiguous boundaries. 3. In this theory, there is no uncertainty about the boundary's location of a set. 3. In this theory, there always exists uncertainty about the boundary's location of a set. 4. This theory is widely used in the design of digital systems. 4. It is mainly used for fuzzy controllers. Set  A set is a term, which is a collection of unordered or ordered elements. Following are the various examples of a set:  A set of all-natural numbers A set of st...

This concept was introduced by Lofti Zadeh in 1965 based on the Fuzzy Set Theory. This concept provides the possibilities which are not given by computers, but similar to the range of possibilities generated by humans.  In the Boolean system, only two possibilities (0 and 1) exist, where 1 denotes the absolute truth value and 0 denotes the absolute false value.  Fuzzy means the things that are vague or not clear. Sometimes,  we cannot decide in real life that the given problem or statement is either true or  false. Because  there are multiple possibilities present between the 0 and 1, which are partially false and partially true.  At that time, this concept provides  many values between the true and  false  and gives the flexibility to find the best solution to that problem. Characteristics  of Fuzzy Logic System This concept is flexible and we can easily understand and implement it. It is used for helping the min...

Bode plot is a very important tool in control system.  Let's have a short look on history of Bode Plot so that it sets the plot for the concept. Bode plot was was developed by Hendrik Wade Bode in the 1930's while he was designing feedback for use in telephone networks which showed the gain and phase margins required to maintain stability in a Linear Time invariant systems.  So what is a Bode Plot?  It is a graph of response of a Linear Time-Invariant system to sinusoidal inputs in the frequency domain.   It is a powerful tool for carrying out characterizing an LTI system or designing  a controller. An LTI system responds to a sinusoidal input in a very similar manner. The output of a LTI system sinusoid is also a sinusoid with different amplitude and phase. But THE FREQUENCY OF THE SIGNAL REMAINS SAME. Magnitude F or a given frequency ( ω ) we define the magnitude of an LTI system as the ratio of the magnitude of the sinusoidal output (y) to the magnitud...